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Search Type: drug

Started at: 2009-11-10 11:19:21

Finished at: 2009-11-10 11:21:17

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Field Result Source
Name
chlorpromazine External
Drugbank ID
DB00477 DrugBank
Description
According to one study of the effects on the reproductive system in rats treated with chlorpromazine there were significant decreases in the weight of the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland. This was accompanied by a decline in sperm motility, sperm counts, viability, and serum levels of testosterone in chlorpromazine rats compared to control rats. It has been reported that a change in either the absolute or relative weight of an organ after a chemical is administered is an indication of the toxic effect of the chemical. Therefore, the observed change in the relative weight of the testis and other accessory reproductive organs in rats treated with chlorpromazine indicates that the drug might be toxic to these organs at least during the period of treatments. Furthermore, the weights of the kidney, heart, liver, and adrenal glands of these treated rats were not affected both during administration of the drug and recovery periods, suggesting that the drug is not toxic to these organs. Wikipedia
Additionally, chlorpromazine is a presynaptic inhibitor of dopamine reuptake, which may lead to (mild) antidepressive and antiparkinsonian effects. This action could also account for psychomotor agitation and amplification of psychosis (very rarely noted in clinical use). Wikipedia
Antipsychotic drugs may cause priapism, a pathologically prolonged and painful penile erection, which is usually unassociated with sexual desire or intercourse. Although this effect is rare it is a potentially serious complication that can lead to permanent impotence and other serious complications. Wikipedia
Chlorpromazine is a psychotropic agent indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia. It also exerts sedative and antiemetic activity. Chlorpromazine has actions at all levels of the central nervous system-primarily at subcortical levels-as well as on multiple organ systems. Chlorpromazine has strong antiadrenergic and weaker peripheral anticholinergic activity DrugBank
Chlorpromazine is a very effective antagonist of D2 dopamine receptors and similar receptors, such as D3 and D5. Unlike most other drugs of this genre, it also has a high affinity for D1 receptors. Blocking these receptors causes diminished neurotransmitter binding in the forebrain, resulting in many different effects. Dopamine, unable to bind with a receptor, causes a feedback loop that causes dopaminergic neurons to release more dopamine. Therefore, upon first taking the drug, patients will experience an increase in activity of dopaminergic neural activity. Eventually, dopamine production of the neurons will drop substantially and dopamine will be removed from the synaptic cleft. At this point, neural activity decreases greatly; the continual blockade of receptors only compounds this effect. Wikipedia
Chlorpromazine is an antagonist to H1 receptors (provoking antiallergic effects), H2 receptors (reduction of forming of gastric juice), M1 and M2 receptors (dry mouth, reduction in forming of gastric juice) and some 5-HT receptors (different anti-allergic/gastrointestinal actions). Wikipedia
Chlorpromazine largely replaced electroconvulsive therapy, psychosurgery, and insulin shock therapy. The development and marketing of antipsychotic drugs was one of the forces that propelled deinstitutionalization, which is the systematic removal of people with severe mental illness from institutions like psychiatric hospitals. In 1955 there were 558,922 resident patients in American state and county psychiatric hospitals. By 1970 the number dropped to 337,619; by 1980 to 150,000; and by 1990 between 110,000 to 120,000 patients. Wikipedia
Doses of antipsychotics that are considered therapeutically low are sufficient to trigger an epileptic seizure in particularly vulnerable patients for example those with an abnormally low genetically determined seizure threshold. The drug dose ability to provoke seizures is presumably due to a reduced seizure threshold. The incidence of the first unprovoked seizure in the general population is 0.07 to 0.09%, whereas the incidence rates have been reported to range from 0.1 to 1.5% in patients treated with therapeutic doses of the most commonly used antipsychotic drugs. Furthermore, the seizure risk rises markedly to a range of 4 to 30% in patients who have taken an overdose. This most notable variability among studies may possibly be due to methodological differences which makes the research data that much harder to interpret. The risk of a seizure being provoked during antipsychotic drug medication is greatly influenced by the individuals inherited seizure threshold and particularly by the presence of a history of epilepsy, brain damage or other conditions. There is an agreement however that seizures triggered by drugs are a dose-dependent adverse effect. Wikipedia
In addition to influencing the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine it has been reported that antipsychotic drugs could achieve glutamatergic effects. This mechanism involves direct effects on antipsychotic drugs on glutamate receptors. By using the technique of functional neurochemical assay chlorpromazine and phenothiazine derivatives have been shown to have inhibitory effects on NMDA receptors that appeared to be mediated by action at the Zn site. It was found that there is an increase of NMDA activity at low concentrations and suppression at high concentrations of the drug. No significant difference in glutamate and glycine activity from the effects of chlorpromazine were reported. Further work will be necessary to determine if the influence in NMDA receptors by antipsychotic drugs contributes to their effectiveness. Wikipedia
Other reported side effects are rare, though severe; these include a reduction in the number of white blood cells—referred to as leukopenia—or, in extreme cases, even agranulocytosis, which may occur in 0.01% of patients and lead to death via uncontrollable infections and/or sepsis. Chlorpromazine is also known to accumulate in the eye—in the posterior corneal stroma, lens, and uveal tract. Because it is a phototoxic compound, the potential exists for it to cause cellular damage after light exposure. Research confirms a significant risk of blindness from continued use of chlorpromazine, as well as other optological defects such as color blindness and benign pigmentation of the cornea. Wikipedia
Chemical Kingdom
Organic BioSpider
Chemical Class
Not Available Not Applicable
Chemical Species
aromatic compound Checkmol
aryl chloride Checkmol
heterocyclic compound Checkmol
tertiary aliphatic amine (trialkylamine) Checkmol
tertiary aliphatic/aromatic amine (alkylarylamine) Checkmol
tertiary amine Checkmol
thioether Checkmol
Synonym
10-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-2-chlorophenothiazine Pubchem
10H-Phenothiazine-10-propanamine, 2-chloro-N, N-dimethyl- NCI
10H-Phenothiazine-10-propanamine, 2-chloro-N,N-dimethyl- NIST
2-Chloro-10-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)phenothiazine Pubchem
2-Chloro-10-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]phenothiazine NIST
2-Chloro-10-[3-(dimethyamino)propyl]phenothiazine NIST
2-Chloro-N,N-dimethyl-10H-phenothiazine-10-propanamine Pubchem
2-Chloropromazine NIST
2-Cloro-10 (3-dimetilaminopropil)fenotiazina NIST
2-Cloro-10 (3-dimetilaminopropil)fenotiazina [Italian] Pubchem
2-chloro-10-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-phenothiazine Pubchem
2-chloro-10-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]- Pubchem
3-(2-chlorophenothiazin-10-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-propan-1-amine Pubchem
3-(2-chlorophenothiazin-10-yl)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine Pubchem
4560 Rp hydrochloride Pubchem
69-09-0 (HYDROCHLORIDE) Pubchem
AB Pubchem
Aminasine NIST
Aminazin NIST
Aminazin monohydrochloride Pubchem
Aminazine NIST
Ampliactil NIST
Ampliactil monohydrochloride Pubchem
Amplicitil NIST
Amplictil NIST
Apo Chlorpromazine Tab 100mg DPD
Apo Chlorpromazine Tab 25mg DPD
Apo Chlorpromazine Tab 50mg DPD
CPZ NIST
CPZ (van) NCI
Chlor-PZ NIST
Chlor-promanyl NIST
Chloractil Pubchem
Chlorazine Pubchem
Chlordelazin Pubchem
Chlordelazine Pubchem
Chlorderazin NIST
Chloro-2-dimethylamino-3 propyl-10 phenothiazine NIST
Chloro-3 (dimethylamino-3 propyl)-10 phenothiazine Pubchem
Chloro-3 (dimethylamino-3 propyl)-10 phenothiazine (FRENCH) NCI
Chloro-3 (dimethylamino-3 propyl)-10 phenothiazine [French] Pubchem
Chloropromazine NIST
Chlorpromados NIST
Chlorpromazin NIST
Chlorpromazine (usp/inn) Pubchem
Chlorpromazine Hcl Inj 25mg/Ml Usp DPD
Chlorpromazine [usan:inn:ban] Pubchem
Chlorpromazine hydrochloride Pubchem
Chlorpromazine hydrochloride injection DPD
Chlorpromazinium chloride Pubchem
Chlorpromazinum Pubchem
Chlorpromazinum [inn-latin] Pubchem
Chlropromados Pubchem
Clorpromazina NIST
Clorpromazina [inn-spanish] Pubchem
Clorpromazina [italian] Pubchem
Contomin NIST
Cromedazine NIST
Elmarin NIST
Esmind NIST
Fenactil NIST
Fenactil monohydrochloride Pubchem
Fenaktyl NIST
Flavin mononucleotide semiquinone Pubchem
Fraction Pubchem
Fraction ab NIST
Hebanil Pubchem
Hibanil NIST
Hibernal NIST
Hybernal Pubchem
Klorproman Pubchem
Klorpromex Pubchem
Largactil NIST
Largactilothiazine NIST
Largactyl NIST
Lomazine Pubchem
Lopac-C-8138 Pubchem
Megaphen NIST
N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-chlorophenothiazine Pubchem
Neurazine Pubchem
Norcozine Pubchem
Novo-Chlorpromazine Tab 100mg DPD
Novo-Chlorpromazine Tab 25mg DPD
Novo-Chlorpromazine Tab 50mg DPD
Novomazina NIST
Pentanitrine NIST
Phenactyl NIST
Phenathyl NIST
Phenothiazine Pubchem
Phenothiazine hydrochloride Pubchem
Phenothiazine, 2-chloro-10-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)- Pubchem
Phenothiazine, 2-chloro-10-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]- NIST
Phenothiazine, {2-chloro-10-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-} NCI
Plegomasine NIST
Plegomazin NIST
Prazil NIST
Prazilpromactil NIST
Proma NIST
Promachel Pubchem
Promacid Pubchem
Promactil NIST
Promapar Pubchem
Promazil NIST
Promexin Pubchem
Propaphen Pubchem
Propaphenin NIST
Prozil NIST
Prozin NIST
Psychozine NIST
Sanopron NIST
Sonazine Pubchem
Thiazenone NIST
Thorazine NIST
Thorazine (TN) Pubchem
Thorazine hydrochloride Pubchem
Thorazine suppositories Pubchem
Torazina NIST
Tranzine Pubchem
UNII-U42B7VYA4P Pubchem
Unitensen Pubchem
WLN: T C666 BN ISJ B3N1&1 EG Pubchem
Wintermin NIST
[3-(2-Chloro-phenothiazin-10-yl)-propyl]-dimethyl-amine Pubchem
{2-Chloro-10-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]phenothiazine} NCI
Brand Mixture
Not Available Not Applicable
CAS
50-53-3 DrugBank
InChI Identifier 
InChI=1/C17H19ClN2S/c1-19(2)10-5-11-20-14-6-3-4-7-16(14)21-17-9-8
-13(18)12-15(17)20/h3-4,6-9,12H,5,10-11H2,1-2H3
 World Wide Molecular Matrix
IUPAC
3-(2-chlorophenothiazin-10-yl)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine DrugBank
Chemical Formula
C17H19ClN2S PubChem
Chemical Structure
Chemical Structure Molconvert
Average Molecular Weight (g/mol)
318.864160 BioSpider
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight (g/mol)
318.095750 BioSpider
SMILES (Isomeric) 
Clc2cc1N(c3c(Sc1cc2)cccc3)CCCN(C)C
 ChemSpider
SMILES (Canonical) 
CN(C)CCCN1C2=CC=CC=C2SC3=C1C=C(C=C3)Cl
 PubChem
Kegg Drug
D00270 DrugBank
Kegg Compound
C06906 DrugBank
Pubchem Compound ID
2726 DrugBank
Pubchem Substance ID
10347421 Pubchem
10486704 Pubchem
10524433 Pubchem
10588932 Pubchem
11110990 Pubchem
11110991 Pubchem
11120337 Pubchem
11120825 Pubchem
11121313 Pubchem
11335799 Pubchem
11361038 Pubchem
11363036 Pubchem
11364725 Pubchem
11365598 Pubchem
11367287 Pubchem
11368160 Pubchem
11369849 Pubchem
11371331 Pubchem
11372890 Pubchem
11373945 Pubchem
11375449 Pubchem
11376322 Pubchem
11378013 Pubchem
11462010 Pubchem
11466092 Pubchem
11467212 Pubchem
11484847 Pubchem
11485904 Pubchem
11488972 Pubchem
11490162 Pubchem
11492098 Pubchem
11493956 Pubchem
12014508 Pubchem
148556 Pubchem
14923746 Pubchem
24398080 Pubchem
26611657 Pubchem
26680205 Pubchem
26747094 Pubchem
26747095 Pubchem
26751620 Pubchem
26751621 Pubchem
29221882 Pubchem
36519388 Pubchem
36519771 Pubchem
4332427 Pubchem
441206 Pubchem
46508395 Pubchem
47364978 Pubchem
47364979 Pubchem
47588791 Pubchem
47588792 Pubchem
47662070 Pubchem
47662071 Pubchem
47736247 Pubchem
47885204 Pubchem
47959525 Pubchem
48034879 Pubchem
48184787 Pubchem
48184788 Pubchem
48184789 Pubchem
48415768 Pubchem
49698686 Pubchem
50006354 Pubchem
50100209 Pubchem
50104291 Pubchem
53801065 Pubchem
56312009 Pubchem
56312819 Pubchem
56313671 Pubchem
56313735 Pubchem
56314330 Pubchem
57287810 Pubchem
57321419 Pubchem
57825665 Pubchem
602724 Pubchem
747132 Pubchem
7847336 Pubchem
78487736 Pubchem
7978926 Pubchem
81091924 Pubchem
8149253 Pubchem
8151764 Pubchem
841999 Pubchem
85209020 Pubchem
9123 Kegg
OMIM ID
Not Available Not Applicable
ChEBI
3647 Chebi
BioCyc
Not Available Not Applicable
PharmGKB
PA448964 DrugBank
HET ID
Not Available Not Applicable
DPD ID
00232807 DPD
00232823 DPD
00232831 DPD
00312673 DPD
00312681 DPD
00312703 DPD
00743518 DPD
01933272 DPD
Rxlist Link
http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/chlorpromazine.htm DrugBank
Wikipedia
chlorpromazine Wikipedia
Pdr Health Link
http://www.pdrhealth.com/drugs/rx/rx-mono.aspx?contentFileName=chl2054.html&contentName=Chlorpromazine&contentId=164 PDRHealth
Melting Point
< 25 oC PhysProp
State
Solid BioSpider
MSDS Link
1257877233.pdf www.sciencelab.com
FDA Label
Not Available Not Applicable
Experimental Water Solubility
0.00255 mg/mL at 24 oC [YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)] PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility
0.00417 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Alogps
Experimental LogP
5.41 [AVDEEF,A (1995)] PhysProp
Predicted LogP
5.18 [Predicted by ALOGPS] Alogps
pKa
9.3 DrugBank
SDF File
1257877181.sdf Pubchem
Mol File
1257877164.mol Molconvert
Pdb File
1257877237.pdb Molconvert
Mass Spec File
Not Available Not Applicable
Associated Disorder
Not Available Not Applicable
Pathway
map07028 - Antipsychotics Kegg Drug
map07029 - Phenothiazines Kegg Drug
map07212 - Histamine receptor antagonists Kegg Drug
map07213 - Dopamine receptor agonists/antagonists Kegg Drug
Category
Not Available Not Applicable
ATC Code
N05AA01 DPD
AHFS Code
28:16.08.24 DPD
Schedule
SCHEDULE F (Canada) DPD
Indication
Chlorpromazine is able to cross the placental barrier and it has been shown that drug doses higher than 500 mg daily in late pregnancy are associated with an increased incidence of respiratory distress in newborns. One case study reported that a newborn who was not breast fed but was exposed to CPZ in utero had detectably large amounts of the drug in its urine. This indicated the drug can in fact cross the placental barrier and is slowly cleared out of the body due to the infant's immature liver. Pregnant women and nursing mothers should thus be advised of the effects of CPZ on their newborn's health. Wikipedia
Chlorpromazine is occasionally used off-label for treatment of severe migraine. Sometimes it is used in small doses to improve the nausea that opioid-treated cancer patients encounter and to intensify and prolong the analgesic action of the opioids given. It remains controversial whether or not chlorpromazine has its own analgesic properties. Analgesic properties may result from a central action on the hypothalamus; the patient may feel pain much less than before. Other mechanisms may be an interaction with opioid receptors centrally and/or in the spinal cord. Some experts even say that chlorpromazine, like other phenothiazines, may even have antianalgesic properties. Chlorpromazine has been proposed as useful in newborns for the treatment of opioid withdrawal, if the mother was opioid-dependent. The latter indication remains highly controversial. Wikipedia
Chlorpromazine is primarily used as an antiemetic in dogs and cats. It is also sometimes used as a preanesthetic and muscle relaxant in cattle, swine, sheep, and goats. It is generally contraindicated for use with horses, due to a high incidence of ataxia and altered mentation. Its use in food-producing animals has been banned in the EU according to the Council's regulation 2377/90. Dosage and administration Wikipedia
Differential expression of various CYP isoforms in specific brain locations leads to the conclusion that antipsychotic drugs could be metabolized to different products in different regions of the brain. The varying levels of expression of the CYP isoforms between individuals and for each particular antipsychotic as well as the possibility of differential metabolism in the brain provides one possible reason why there is such a wide range of adverse effects and therapeutic effects of chlorpromazine and the other antipsychotic drugs in the population of patients currently using. Wikipedia
For the treatment of schizophrenia, control nausea and vomiting, For relief of restlessness and apprehension before surgery, adjunct in the treatment of tetanus, control the manifestations of the manic type of manic-depressive illness. DrugBank
It can be used to treat amphetamine overdose. Wikipedia
The lowest dosage compatible with good therapeutic effect should be given. Dosage in ambulatory patients should be particularly low (minimizing sedation and hypotension). Intravenous injection of undiluted solution is contraindicated due to risk of massive fall in blood pressure, cardiovascular collapse. For i.v.-infusion of dilutions the (hospitalized) patient should be lying and the infusion rate should be as slow as possible. Afterwards the patient should rest in the lying position for at least 30 minutes. Wikipedia
Pharmacology
Chlorpromazine is a psychotropic agent indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia. It also exerts sedative and antiemetic activity. Chlorpromazine has actions at all levels of the central nervous system-primarily at subcortical levels-as well as on multiple organ systems. Chlorpromazine has strong antiadrenergic and weaker peripheral anticholinergic activity DrugBank
Mechanism Of Action
Additionally, chlorpromazine is a presynaptic inhibitor of dopamine reuptake, which may lead to (mild) antidepressive and antiparkinsonian effects. This action could also account for psychomotor agitation and amplification of psychosis (very rarely noted in clinical use). Wikipedia
Because it acts on so many receptors, chlorpromazine is often referred to as a "dirty drug", whereas the atypical antipsychotic amisulpride, for example, acts only on central D2 and D3 receptors and is therefore a "clean drug". Research still needs to be done to understand the implications of this fact. Adverse effects Wikipedia
Chlorpromazine acts as an antagonist (blocking agent) on different postsynaptic receptors: dopamine receptors (subtypes D1, D2, D3 and D4), which account for its different antipsychotic properties on productive and unproductive symptoms;in the mesolimbic dopamine system accounts for the antipsychotic effect whereas the blockade in the nigrostriatal system produces the extrapyramidal effects serotonin receptors (5-HT1 and 5-HT2), with anxiolytic, and antiaggressive properties as well as an attenuation of extrapyramidal side effects, but also leading to weight gain, fall in blood pressure, sedation and ejaculation difficulties), histamine receptors (H1 receptors, accounting for sedation, antiemetic effect, vertigo, fall in blood pressure and weight gain), α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors (antisympathomimetic properties, lowering of blood pressure, reflex tachycardia, vertigo, sedation, hypersalivation and incontinence as well as sexual dysfunction, but may also attenuate pseudoparkinsonism—controversial), and M1 and M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (causing anticholinergic symptoms such as dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, difficulty or inability to urinate, sinus tachycardia, electrocardiographic changes and loss of memory, but the anticholinergic action may attenuate extrapyramidal side effects). Wikipedia
Chlorpromazine acts as an antagonist (blocking agent) on different postsysnaptic receptors -on dopaminergic-receptors (subtypes D1, D2, D3 and D4 - different antipsychotic properties on productive and unproductive symptoms), on serotonergic-receptors (5-HT1 and 5-HT2, with anxiolytic, antidepressive and antiaggressive properties as well as an attenuation of extrapypramidal side-effects, but also leading to weight gain, fall in blood pressure, sedation and ejaculation difficulties), on histaminergic-receptors (H1-receptors, sedation, antiemesis, vertigo, fall in blood pressure and weight gain), alpha1/alpha2-receptors (antisympathomimetic properties, lowering of blood pressure, reflex tachycardia, vertigo, sedation, hypersalivation and incontinence as well as sexual dysfunction, but may also attenuate pseudoparkinsonism - controversial) and finally on muscarinic (cholinergic) M1/M2-receptors (causing anticholinergic symptoms like dry mouth, blurred vision, obstipation, difficulty/inability to urinate, sinus tachycardia, ECG-changes and loss of memory, but the anticholinergic action may attenuate extrapyramidal side-effects). Additionally, Chlorpromazine is a weak presynaptic inhibitor of Dopamine reuptake, which may lead to (mild) antidepressive and antiparkinsonian effects. This action could also account for psychomotor agitation and amplification of psychosis (very rarely noted in clinical use). DrugBank
Chlorpromazine is a very effective antagonist of D2 dopamine receptors and similar receptors, such as D3 and D5. Unlike most other drugs of this genre, it also has a high affinity for D1 receptors. Blocking these receptors causes diminished neurotransmitter binding in the forebrain, resulting in many different effects. Dopamine, unable to bind with a receptor, causes a feedback loop that causes dopaminergic neurons to release more dopamine. Therefore, upon first taking the drug, patients will experience an increase in activity of dopaminergic neural activity. Eventually, dopamine production of the neurons will drop substantially and dopamine will be removed from the synaptic cleft. At this point, neural activity decreases greatly; the continual blockade of receptors only compounds this effect. Wikipedia
Chlorpromazine is an antagonist to H1 receptors (provoking antiallergic effects), H2 receptors (reduction of forming of gastric juice), M1 and M2 receptors (dry mouth, reduction in forming of gastric juice) and some 5-HT receptors (different anti-allergic/gastrointestinal actions). Wikipedia
In addition to influencing the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine it has been reported that antipsychotic drugs could achieve glutamatergic effects. This mechanism involves direct effects on antipsychotic drugs on glutamate receptors. By using the technique of functional neurochemical assay chlorpromazine and phenothiazine derivatives have been shown to have inhibitory effects on NMDA receptors that appeared to be mediated by action at the Zn site. It was found that there is an increase of NMDA activity at low concentrations and suppression at high concentrations of the drug. No significant difference in glutamate and glycine activity from the effects of chlorpromazine were reported. Further work will be necessary to determine if the influence in NMDA receptors by antipsychotic drugs contributes to their effectiveness. Peripheral effects Wikipedia
Absorption
Bioavailability : Only about 32% of the administered dose is available to the systemic circulation in the active form Wikipedia
Chlorpromazine is slowly absorbed from the intramuscular injection site with the peak plasma concentration occurring 6–24 hours after administration of the drug Wikipedia
Intramuscular administration is generally not recommended due to the unpredictable absorption and hence widely varying effect Wikipedia
Oral, 30 to 50% (interindividual variations 10–70%) Wikipedia
Over time and multiple administrations, bioavailability may drop to 20% Wikipedia
The anticholinergic properties only slightly influence chlorpromazine's absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, compared to other antipsychotics such as fluphenazine Wikipedia
The oral bioavailability is estimated to be 30–50% that of intramuscular doses and about 10% that of intravenous doses due to extensive first pass metabolism in the liver Wikipedia
Protein Binding
40% DrugBank
Approximately 95-98% of the drug is bound in the plasma; 85% of the drug is bound to the plasma protein albumin Wikipedia
Half Life
16 to 30 hours. In long term treatment, CPZ induces its own metabolism Wikipedia
Biotransformation
Differential expression of various CYP isoforms in specific brain locations leads to the conclusion that antipsychotic drugs could be metabolized to different products in different regions of the brain Wikipedia
Toxicity
Agitation, coma, convulsions, difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, extreme sleepiness, fever, intestinal blockage, irregular heart rate, low blood pressure, restlessness DrugBank
Cardiac arrhythmia and apparent sudden death have been associated with therapeutic doses of chlorpromazine, however they are rare cases Wikipedia
Furthermore if plasma levels are monitored then any form of drug induced toxicity can be suspected as well as controlling for the lack of compliance by the patient. Chlorpromazine impairs the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants which can thus increase the risk of toxicity. Combination with other antidopaminergic agents such as metoclopramide and prochlorperazine increases the risk of extrapyramidal symptom effects. Chlorpromazine can enhance the central nervous system depression produced by other CNS depressent drugs Wikipedia
Furthermore, the seizure risk rises markedly to a range of 4 to 30% in patients who have taken an overdose Wikipedia
Other uses It has also been used in porphyria and as part of tetanus treatment. It still is well recommended for short term management of severe anxiety and aggressive episodes. Resistant and severe hiccups, severe nausea/emesis and preanesthetic conditioning have been other indications in the past. It can be used to treat amphetamine overdose. It has also been used to stimulate the appetite of patients with eating disorders, as most anti-psychotics make patients feel hungrier. Off-label and controversial uses Chlorpromazine is occasionally used off-label for treatment of severe migraine Wikipedia
Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook (Blackwell, 5th Edition, 2005) "Methods of Execution" Wikipedia
Research confirms a significant risk of blindness from continued use of chlorpromazine, as well as other optological defects such as color blindness and benign pigmentation of the cornea. Chlorpromazine is the antipsychotic drug with the highest rates (0.5% to 1%) of liver toxicity of the cholestatic type. The sedation effect combined with indifference to physical stimuli, anecdotally known as the "thorazine shuffle," has long been associated with the drug Wikipedia
Some side effects seem to appear more frequently during the first months of therapy (sedation, hypotension, liver damage) while others do not (e.g Wikipedia
The dose required to treat psychotic symptoms is smaller and therefore less sedative than is commonly depicted. In some rare cases psychosis or death can result from the paradoxical lowering of blood pressure, or death due to cardiac arrest attributed to dysrhythmia. Cardiotoxic effects of phenothiazines in overdose are similar to that of the tricyclic antidepressants Wikipedia
These major cardiac arrhythmias that are lethal are a potential hazard even in patients without heart disease who are receiving therapeutic doses of antipsychotic drugs Wikipedia
http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/methods.htm Wikipedia
Dosage
Liquid (Intravenous) DPD
Tablet (Oral) DPD
Patient Information
1257877268.html RxList
Interactions
Not Available Not Applicable
Contraindications
Not Available Not Applicable
Targets 
P02768
[ UniProt | Analyze ]		 DrugBank 
P14416
[ UniProt | Analyze ]		 DrugBank 
P28223
[ UniProt | Analyze ]		 DrugBank