Search summary:
Session ID: cc877287d5ab192ba3f025db3d9179fe
Search Type: drug
Started at: 2010-01-20 15:39:33
Finished at: 2010-01-20 15:44:24
| Field | Result | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Name | ||
| aspirin | External | |
| Drugbank ID | ||
| DB00945 | DrugBank | |
| Description | ||
| A French chemist, Charles Frederic Gerhardt, was the first to prepare acetylsalicylic acid in 1853. In the course of his work on the synthesis and properties of various acid anhydrides, he mixed acetyl chloride with a sodium salt of salicylic acid (sodium salicylate). A vigorous reaction ensued, and the resulting melt soon solidified. Since no structural theory existed at that time, Gerhardt called the compound he obtained "salicylic-acetic anhydride" (wasserfreie Salicylsäure-Essigsäure). This preparation of aspirin ("salicylic-acetic anhydride") was one of the many reactions Gerhardt conducted for his paper on anhydrides and he did not pursue it further. | Wikipedia | |
| Along with rheumatic fever, Kawasaki disease remains one of the few indications for aspirin use in children, although even this use has been questioned by some authors. In the United Kingdom, the only indications for aspirin use in children and adolescents under 16 are Kawasaki disease and prevention of blood clot formation. | Wikipedia | |
| As part of war reparations specified in the 1919 Treaty of Versailles following Germany's surrender after World War I, Aspirin (along with Heroin) lost its status as a registered trademark in France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, where it became a generic name and can be spelled in lower case. Today, "aspirin" is a generic word in Australia, France, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Africa, United Kingdom and the United States. Aspirin, with a capital "A", remains a registered trademark of Bayer in Germany, Canada, Mexico, and in over 80 other countries, where the trademark is owned by Bayer, using a uniform chemical formula for all markets, but adapting the packaging and physical aspects for each. Since the word "aspirin" has become generic in many countries, Bayer has embarked on an aggressive trademark protection campaign in the United States and owns more than 1,000 U.S. trademarks on various pharmaceutical drugs. | Wikipedia | |
| Aspirin (USAN), also known as acetylsalicylic acid (pronounced /əˌsɛtɪlsælɪˌsɪlɪk ˈæsɪd/, abbreviated ASA), is a salicylate drug, often used as an analgesic to relieve minor aches and pains, as an antipyretic to reduce fever, and as an anti-inflammatory medication. | Wikipedia | |
| Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is an analgesic, antipyretic, antirheumatic, and anti-inflammatory agent. Aspirin's mode of action as an antiinflammatory and antirheumatic agent may be due to inhibition of synthesis and release of prostaglandins. Aspirin appears to produce analgesia by virtue of both a peripheral and CNS effect. Peripherally, Aspirin acts by inhibiting the synthesis and release of prostaglandins. Acting centrally, it would appear to produce analgesia at a hypothalamic site in the brain, although the mode of action is not known. Aspirin also acts on the hypothalamus to produce antipyresis | DrugBank | |
| Aspirin has been shown to have at least three additional modes of action. It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in cartilaginous (and hepatic) mitochondria, by diffusing from the inner membrane space as a proton carrier back into the mitochondrial matrix, where it ionizes once again to release protons. In short, aspirin buffers and transports the protons. When high doses of aspirin are given, aspirin may actually cause fever owing to the heat released from the electron transport chain, as opposed to the antipyretic action of aspirin seen with lower doses. Additionally, aspirin induces the formation of NO-radicals in the body, which have been shown in mice to have an independent mechanism of reducing inflammation. This reduced leukocyte adhesion, which is an important step in immune response to infection; however, there is currently insufficient evidence to show that aspirin helps to fight infection. More recent data also suggests that salicylic acid and its derivatives modulate signaling through NF-κB. NF-κB is a transcription factor complex that plays a central role in many biological processes, including inflammation. | Wikipedia | |
| Aspirin is an acetyl derivative of salicylic acid that is a white, crystalline, weakly acidic substance, with a melting point of 135 °C (275 °F). Acetylsalicylic acid decomposes rapidly in solutions of ammonium acetate or of the acetates, carbonates, citrates or hydroxides of the alkali metals. Acetylsalicylic acid is stable in dry air, but gradually hydrolyses in contact with moisture to acetic and salicylic acids. In solution with alkalis, the hydrolysis proceeds rapidly and the clear solutions formed may consist entirely of acetate and salicylate. | Wikipedia | |
| Aspirin is one of the first-line drugs used in the treatment of migraine, bringing relief in 50–60% of the cases. It is as effective as a newer triptan medication sumatriptan (Imitrex) and other painkillers such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) or ibuprofen. The combination of aspirin, paracetamol (acetaminophen) and caffeine (Excedrin) is even more potent. For the treatment of migraine headache, this formulation works better than any of its three components taken separately, better than ibuprofen and better than sumatriptan. Similarly to all other medications for migraine, it is recommended to take aspirin at the first signs of the headache, and it is the way these medications were used in the comparative clinical trials. | Wikipedia | |
| Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid (acetosal) is a drug in the family of salicylates, often used as an analgesic (against minor pains and aches), antipyretic (against fever), and anti-inflammatory. It has also an anticoagulant (blood- thinning) effect and is used in long-term low-doses to prevent heart attacks and cancer | HMDB | |
| Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid (acetosal) is a drug in the family of salicylates, often used as an analgesic (against minor pains and aches), antipyretic (against fever), and anti-inflammatory. It has also an anticoagulant effect and is used in long-term low-doses to prevent heart attacks and cancer. | HMDB | |
| Aspirin was the first discovered member of the class of drugs known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), not all of which are salicylates, although they all have similar effects and most have inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase as their mechanism of action. Today, aspirin is one of the most widely used medications in the world, with an estimated 40,000 tonnes of it being consumed each year. In countries where Aspirin is a registered trademark owned by Bayer, the generic term is acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). | Wikipedia | |
| Co. in Germany, derivatized one of the hydroxyl functional groups in salicylic acid with an acetyl group (forming the acetyl ester), which greatly reduced the negative effects. This was the first synthetic drug, not a copy of something that existed in nature, and the start of the pharmaceuticals industry. | HMDB | |
| Salicylates are excreted mainly by the kidneys as salicyluric acid (75%), free salicylic acid (10%), salicylic phenol (10%) and acyl (5%) glucuronides, and gentisic acid (< 1%). When small doses (less than 250 mg in an adult) are ingested, all pathways proceed by first order kinetics, with an elimination half-life of about 2 to 4.5 hours. When higher doses of salicylate are ingested (more than 4 g), the half-life becomes much longer (15–30 hours) because the biotransformation pathways concerned with the formation of salicyluric acid and salicyl phenolic glucuronide become saturated. Renal excretion of salicylic acid becomes increasingly important as the metabolic pathways become saturated, because it is extremely sensitive to changes in urinary pH. There is a 10 to 20 fold increase in renal clearance when urine pH is increased from 5 to 8. The use of urinary alkalinization exploits this particular aspect of salicylate elimination. | Wikipedia | |
| Salicylic acid is a weak acid, and very little of it is ionized in the stomach after oral administration. Acetylsalicylic acid is poorly soluble in the acidic conditions of the stomach, which can delay absorption of high doses for 8 to 24 hours. In addition to the increased pH of the small intestine, aspirin is rapidly absorbed there owing to the increased surface area, which in turn allows more of the salicylate to dissolve. Owing to the issue of solubility, however, aspirin is absorbed much more slowly during overdose, and plasma concentrations can continue to rise for up to 24 hours after ingestion. | Wikipedia | |
| Salicylic acid is then acetylated using acetic anhydride, yielding aspirin and acetic acid as a byproduct. It is a common experiment performed in organic chemistry labs, and generally tends to produce low yields due to the relative difficulty of its extraction from an aqueous state. The trick to getting the reaction to work is to acidify with Phosphoric acid and heat the reagents under reflux with a boiling water bath for between 40 minutes and an hour | HMDB | |
| The name 'aspirin' is composed of a- (from the acetyl group) -spir- (from the plant genus Spiraea) and -in (a common ending for drugs at the time). It has also been stated that the name originated by another means. As referring to AcetylSalicylic and 'pir' in reference to one of the scientists who was able to isolate it in crystalline form, Raffaele Piria. Finally 'in' due to the same reasons as stated above | HMDB | |
| The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5) | HMDB | |
| This chemical was also isolated from meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria, formerly classified as Spiraea ulmaria) by German researchers in 1839. While their extract was somewhat effective, it also caused digestive problems such as irritated stomach and diarrhoea, and even death when consumed in high doses. In 1853, a French chemist named Charles Frederic Gerhardt neutralized salicylic acid by buffering it with sodium (sodium salicylate) and acetyl chloride, creating acetosalicylic anhydride. Gerhardt's product worked, but he had no desire to market it and abandoned his discovery. In 1897, researcher Arthur Eichengrun and Felix Hoffmann, a research assistant at Friedrich Bayer & Co. in Germany, derivatized one of the hydroxyl functional groups in salicylic acid with an acetyl group (forming the acetyl ester), which greatly reduced the negative effects. This was the first synthetic drug, not a copy of something that existed in nature, and the start of the pharmaceuticals industry. | HMDB | |
| This chemical was isolated from meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria, formerly classified as Spiraea ulmaria) by German researchers in 1839. While their extract was somewhat effective, it also caused digestive problems such as irritated stomach and diarrhoea, and even death when consumed in high doses. In 1853, a French chemist named Charles Frederic Gerhardt neutralized salicylic acid by buffering it with sodium (sodium salicylate) and acetyl chloride, creating acetosalicylic anhydride. Gerhardt's product worked, but he had no desire to market it and abandoned his discovery. In 1897, researcher Arthur Eichengrun and Felix Hoffmann, a research assistant at Friedrich Bayer & Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid (acetosal) is a drug in the family of salicylates, often used as an analgesic (against minor pains and aches), antipyretic (against fever), and anti-inflammatory. It has also an anticoagulant (blood-thinning) effect and is used in long-term low-doses to prevent heart attacks and cancer. | HMDB | |
| Chemical Kingdom | ||
| Organic | BioSpider | |
| Chemical Class | ||
| Salicylates | HMDB | |
| Chemical Species | ||
| aromatic compound | Checkmol | |
| carboxylic acid | Checkmol | |
| carboxylic acid ester | Checkmol | |
| Synonym | ||
| -acetylsalicyclic acid | NIST | |
| 1oxr | Pubchem | |
| 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoate | HMDB | |
| 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid | HMDB | |
| 2-(acetyloxy)benzoic acid (ACD/Name 4.0) | NCI | |
| 2-Acetoxybenzenecarboxylic acid | HMDB | |
| 2-Acetoxybenzoate | HMDB | |
| 2-Acetoxybenzoic acid | HMDB | |
| 2-Acetylsalicyclic acid | NIST | |
| 2-Carboxyphenyl acetate | HMDB | |
| 2-acetyloxybenzoic acid | Pubchem | |
| 8-HOUR BAYER | Pubchem | |
| A.S.A. 325 Mg Tablet | DPD | |
| A.s.a | Pubchem | |
| A.s.a. | NIST | |
| A.s.a. and codeine compound | Pubchem | |
| A.s.a. empirin | NIST | |
| A2093_SIGMA | Pubchem | |
| A3160_SIGMA | Pubchem | |
| A5376_SIGMA | Pubchem | |
| A6810_SIGMA | Pubchem | |
| AIN | Pubchem | |
| ASA | NIST | |
| Acenterine | HMDB | |
| Acesal | NIST | |
| Acetal | NIST | |
| Acetal (van) | NCI | |
| Acetaldehyde | DPD | |
| Acetaminophen, aspirin and caffeine | Pubchem | |
| Acetaminophen, aspirin, and codeine phosphate | Pubchem | |
| Acetard | HMDB | |
| Aceticyl | HMDB | |
| Acetilsalicilico | NIST | |
| Acetilum acidulatum | NIST | |
| Acetisal | NIST | |
| Acetol | HMDB | |
| Acetol (van) | Pubchem | |
| Acetonyl | HMDB | |
| Acetophen | HMDB | |
| Acetosal | HMDB | |
| Acetosalic acid | NIST | |
| Acetosalin | HMDB | |
| Acetoxybenzoic acid | Pubchem | |
| Acetylin | HMDB | |
| Acetylsal | NIST | |
| Acetylsalicylate | HMDB | |
| Acetylsalicylic Acid 325mg Tablets Usp | DPD | |
| Acetylsalicylic Acid 80 Mg Chewable Tablets | DPD | |
| Acetylsalicylic Acid Extra Strength 500mg Tablets Usp | DPD | |
| Acetylsalicylic Acid Tab 325mg | DPD | |
| Acetylsalicylic acid | HMDB | |
| Acetylsalicylic acid delayed-release tablet usp | DPD | |
| Acetylsalicylicum acidum | DPD | |
| Acetylsalicylsaure | NIST | |
| Acetylsalicylsaure (german) | Pubchem | |
| Acetylsalicylsaure [german] | Pubchem | |
| Acetylsalycilic acid | Pubchem | |
| Acetyonyl | HMDB | |
| Acetysal | HMDB | |
| Acetysalicylic acid | HMDB | |
| Acid, acetylsalicylic | Pubchem | |
| Acide acetylsalicylique | NIST | |
| Acide acetylsalicylique (french) | Pubchem | |
| Acide acetylsalicylique [french] | Pubchem | |
| Acido acetilsalicilico | NIST | |
| Acido acetilsalicilico [italian] | Pubchem | |
| Acido o-acetil-benzoico | NIST | |
| Acido o-acetil-benzoico [italian] | Pubchem | |
| Acidum acetylsalicylicum | NIST | |
| Acimetten | NIST | |
| Acisal | NIST | |
| Acylpyrin | HMDB | |
| Adiro | NIST | |
| Aggrenox | Pubchem | |
| Aloxiprimum | Pubchem | |
| Anacin | Pubchem | |
| Anacin maximum strength | Pubchem | |
| Apo Asa Tab 325mg | DPD | |
| Arthritis pain formula maximum strength | Pubchem | |
| Asa (van) | NCI | |
| Asa 325mg | DPD | |
| Asa 81 Mg | DPD | |
| Asa Extra Strength Tab 500mg | DPD | |
| Asa Suppositories 150mg | DPD | |
| Asa Suppositories 650mg | DPD | |
| Asa Tab 325mg | DPD | |
| Asa Tablets Usp 325 Mg | DPD | |
| Asa acetylsalicylic acid | DPD | |
| Asacard | Pubchem | |
| Asadol 325mg | DPD | |
| Asadol 650mg | DPD | |
| Asagran | NIST | |
| Asaphen Tab 80mg | DPD | |
| Asaphen e.c. | DPD | |
| Asaphen ec | DPD | |
| Asatab 80 Mg Chewable Tablets | DPD | |
| Asatard | HMDB | |
| Ascoden-30 | NIST | |
| Ascriptin | Pubchem | |
| Aspalon | NIST | |
| Aspec | NIST | |
| Aspergum | HMDB | |
| Aspergum 325 Mg (Cherry) | DPD | |
| Aspergum Orange 325 Mg | DPD | |
| Aspirdrops | HMDB | |
| Aspirin (van) | NCI | |
| Aspirin - children's size - tablets | DPD | |
| Aspirin - tablets | DPD | |
| Aspirin 81mg | DPD | |
| Aspirin [ban:jan] | Pubchem | |
| Aspirin and caffeine w/ butalbital | Pubchem | |
| Aspirin arthritis pain relief | DPD | |
| Aspirin extra strength - tablets | DPD | |
| Aspirina 03 | Pubchem | |
| Aspirine | NIST | |
| Asprin | Pubchem | |
| Aspro | NIST | |
| Aspro clear | Pubchem | |
| Asteric | NIST | |
| Axotal | Pubchem | |
| Azdone | Pubchem | |
| Bayer | NIST | |
| Bayer Aspirin 8 Hour | Pubchem | |
| Bayer Enteric 325 mg Regular Strength | Pubchem | |
| Bayer Enteric 500 mg Arthritis Strength | Pubchem | |
| Bayer Enteric 81 mg Adult Low Strength | Pubchem | |
| Bayer buffered | Pubchem | |
| Bayer children's aspirin | Pubchem | |
| Bayer extra strength aspirin for migraine pain | Pubchem | |
| Bayer plus | Pubchem | |
| Benaspir | HMDB | |
| Benzoic acid, 2-(acetyloxy)- | Pubchem | |
| Bi-prin | NIST | |
| Bialpirina | NIST | |
| Bialpirinia | HMDB | |
| Bufferin | HMDB | |
| Bufferin extra -strength | DPD | |
| Butal compound | Pubchem | |
| Butalbital aspirin and caffeine | Pubchem | |
| Butalbital compound | Pubchem | |
| Butalbital w/ aspirin & caffeine | Pubchem | |
| Butalbital, aspirin & caffeine | Pubchem | |
| Butalbital, aspirin and caffeine | Pubchem | |
| Butalbital, aspirin, caffeine, and codeine phosphate | Pubchem | |
| CODEINE, ASPIRIN, APAP FORMULA NO. 2 | Pubchem | |
| CODEINE, ASPIRIN, APAP FORMULA NO. 3 | Pubchem | |
| CODEINE, ASPIRIN, APAP FORMULA NO. 4 | Pubchem | |
| COMPOUND 65 | Pubchem | |
| Caprin | HMDB | |
| Cardioaspirin | Pubchem | |
| Cardioaspirina | HMDB | |
| Carisoprodol and aspirin | Pubchem | |
| Carisoprodol compound | Pubchem | |
| Carisoprodol, aspirin and codeine phosphate | Pubchem | |
| Cemirit | NIST | |
| Claradin | NIST | |
| Clariprin | NIST | |
| Coated aspirin caplets | DPD | |
| Coated aspirin extra strength - ect | DPD | |
| Coated daily low-dose asa | DPD | |
| Codoxy | Pubchem | |
| Colfarit | NIST | |
| Contrheuma retard | NIST | |
| Coricidin | NIST | |
| Crystar | NIST | |
| DARVON COMPOUND-65 | Pubchem | |
| Darvon compound | Pubchem | |
| Darvon w/ asa | Pubchem | |
| Darvon-n w/ asa | Pubchem | |
| Dasin | Pubchem | |
| Decaten | NIST | |
| Delgesic | NIST | |
| Dispril | Pubchem | |
| Dolean PH 8 | NIST | |
| Duramax | NIST | |
| ECM | NIST | |
| Easprin | HMDB | |
| Ecolen | HMDB | |
| Ecotrin | HMDB | |
| Empirin | HMDB | |
| Empirin with codeine | Pubchem | |
| Endosprin | HMDB | |
| Endydol | HMDB | |
| Enteric Coated Asa 325 Mg | DPD | |
| Enteric Coated Asa 650 Mg | DPD | |
| Enteric Coated Asa Tab 650mg | DPD | |
| Enteric Coated Asa Tablets 325mg | DPD | |
| Enteric Coated Asa Tablets 650mg | DPD | |
| Enteric coated a.s.a | DPD | |
| Entericin | NIST | |
| Enterophen | NIST | |
| Enterosarein | NIST | |
| Enterosarine | NIST | |
| Entrophen | NIST | |
| Entrophen 325mg Caplets | DPD | |
| Entrophen 325mg Tablets | DPD | |
| Entrophen 650mg Caplet Ect | DPD | |
| Entrophen Ect 500mg | DPD | |
| Entrophen Ect 650mg | DPD | |
| Entrophen Ect 975mg | DPD | |
| Entrophen chewable | DPD | |
| Equagesic | Pubchem | |
| Equate daily low-dose | DPD | |
| Euro-asa chewable tablet | DPD | |
| Exact coated daily low-dose asa | DPD | |
| Excedrin (migraine) | Pubchem | |
| Extra Strength Asa 500mg | DPD | |
| Extren | NIST | |
| FIORINAL W/CODEINE NO 3 | Pubchem | |
| Fiorinal | Pubchem | |
| Globentyl | NIST | |
| Globoid | NIST | |
| Helicon | NIST | |
| Idragin | NIST | |
| Invagesic | Pubchem | |
| Invagesic forte | Pubchem | |
| Istopirin | Pubchem | |
| Kapsazal | Pubchem | |
| Kyselina 2-acetoxybenzoova | NIST | |
| Kyselina 2-acetoxybenzoova [Czech] | Pubchem | |
| Kyselina acetylsalicylova | NIST | |
| Kyselina acetylsalicylova [czech] | Pubchem | |
| Lanorinal | Pubchem | |
| Lemascorb | NIST | |
| Levius | NIST | |
| Life brand daily low dose asa | DPD | |
| Liqui-cee | NIST | |
| London drugs coated daily low-dose asa | DPD | |
| Magnecyl | Pubchem | |
| Measurin | NIST | |
| Medisyl | Pubchem | |
| Mepro-aspirin | Pubchem | |
| Meprobamate and aspirin | Pubchem | |
| Methocarbamol and aspirin | Pubchem | |
| Micrainin | Pubchem | |
| Micristin | NIST | |
| Mixture name | Pubchem | |
| Neuronika | NIST | |
| Norgesic | NIST | |
| Norgesic forte | Pubchem | |
| Novasen Ect 650mg | DPD | |
| Novasen Tab 325mg | DPD | |
| Novid | NIST | |
| Nu-seals | NIST | |
| Nu-seals aspirin | NIST | |
| O-(acetyloxy)benzoate | HMDB | |
| O-(acetyloxy)benzoic acid | HMDB | |
| O-accetylsalicylic acid | NIST | |
| O-acetoxybenzoate | HMDB | |
| O-acetoxybenzoic acid | HMDB | |
| O-acetylsalicylic acid | HMDB | |
| O-carboxyphenyl acetate | HMDB | |
| Orphenadrine citrate, aspirin, and caffeine | Pubchem | |
| Orphengesic | Pubchem | |
| Orphengesic forte | Pubchem | |
| Oxycodone and aspirin | Pubchem | |
| Oxycodone and aspirin (half-strength) | Pubchem | |
| P-a-c analgesic tablets | Pubchem | |
| PHL-asa | DPD | |
| PHL-asa e.c. | DPD | |
| PMS-asa | DPD | |
| PMS-asa ec | DPD | |
| PROPOXYPHENE COMPOUND 65 | Pubchem | |
| PROPOXYPHENE COMPOUND-65 | Pubchem | |
| Percodan | Pubchem | |
| Percodan demi | Pubchem | |
| Percodan-demi | Pubchem | |
| Persistin | HMDB | |
| Pharmacin | HMDB | |
| Phensal | Pubchem | |
| Pirseal | NIST | |
| Planavit c | NIST | |
| Polopirin | Pubchem | |
| Polopiryna | HMDB | |
| Pravigard pac | Pubchem | |
| Premaspin | HMDB | |
| Propoxyphene HCL w/ aspirin and caffeine | Pubchem | |
| Q-gesic | Pubchem | |
| Relief asa extra strength | DPD | |
| Rexall coated daily low dose asa | DPD | |
| Rheumin tabletten | Pubchem | |
| Rheumintabletten | HMDB | |
| Rhodine | HMDB | |
| Rhonal | NIST | |
| Rivasa 80mg - Tab | DPD | |
| Rivasa 80mg Croquable - Tab | DPD | |
| Robaxisal | Pubchem | |
| Ronal | Pubchem | |
| Roxiprin | Pubchem | |
| SK-65 Compound | Pubchem | |
| ST. joseph | NIST | |
| ST. joseph aspirin for adults | NIST | |
| Salacetin | NIST | |
| Salcetogen | HMDB | |
| Saletin | HMDB | |
| Salicylic acid acetate | HMDB | |
| Salicylic acid, acetate | Pubchem | |
| Salicylic acid, acetyl- | NIST | |
| Salospir | HMDB | |
| Sine-off sinus medicine tablets-aspirin formula | Pubchem | |
| Solfrin | NIST | |
| Solprin | HMDB | |
| Solprin acid | HMDB | |
| Solpyron | HMDB | |
| Solupsan | Pubchem | |
| Soma compound | Pubchem | |
| Soma compound w/ codeine | Pubchem | |
| Spira-dine | NIST | |
| Supac | NIST | |
| Synalgos | Pubchem | |
| Synalgos-DC | Pubchem | |
| Talwin compound | Pubchem | |
| Tasprin | HMDB | |
| Temperal | HMDB | |
| Toldex | HMDB | |
| Triaminicin | HMDB | |
| Triple-sal | NIST | |
| Vanquish | NIST | |
| Vicoprin | Pubchem | |
| Viva aspirin tablets | DPD | |
| XAXA | NIST | |
| Yasta | NIST | |
| Zorprin | Pubchem | |
| Brand Mixture | ||
| 222 Tablet (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine Citrate + Codeine Phosphate) | DPD | |
| 282 Mep (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine Citrate + Codeine Phosphate + Meprobamate) | DPD | |
| 282 Tablets (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine Citrate + Codeine Phosphate) | DPD | |
| 292 Tablets (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine Citrate + Codeine Phosphate) | DPD | |
| A.C. & C 8mg Tab (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine + Codeine Phosphate) | DPD | |
| A.C.& C Tablets (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine + Codeine Phosphate) | DPD | |
| Ac and C Tab 1/8gr (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine + Codeine Phosphate) | DPD | |
| Acetylsalicylic Acid, Caffeine & 8 Mg Codeine Phosphate Tablets (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine + Codeine Phosphate) | DPD | |
| Acetylsalicylic Acid, Caffeine and 8mg Codeine Phosphate (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine + Codeine Phosphate) | DPD | |
| Aggrenox (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Dipyridamole) | DPD | |
| Alka-Seltzer Flavoured (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Citric Acid + Sodium Bicarbonate) | DPD | |
| Alka-Seltzer-Evt (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Citric Acid + Sodium Bicarbonate) | DPD | |
| Anacin Caplet (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine) | DPD | |
| Anacin Extra Strength Caplet (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine) | DPD | |
| Anacin Extra Strength Tablet (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine) | DPD | |
| Anacin Tablet (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine) | DPD | |
| Antidol Tablets (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine) | DPD | |
| Aspirin Night-Time (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Methocarbamol) | DPD | |
| Aspirin with Stomach Guard (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Calcium Carbonate + Magnesium Carbonate + Magnesium Oxide) | DPD | |
| Aspirin with Stomach Guard Extra Strength - Tab (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Calcium Carbonate + Magnesium Carbonate + Magnesium Oxide) | DPD | |
| C-2 Buffered with Codeine (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine + Codeine Phosphate) | DPD | |
| Calmine Tab (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine) | DPD | |
| Dolomine 37 (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine) | DPD | |
| Endodan (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Oxycodone Hydrochloride) | DPD | |
| Extra Strength Aspirin Backache (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Methocarbamol) | DPD | |
| Extra Strength Midol (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine) | DPD | |
| Extra Strength Muscle & Back Pain Asa 500 Mg Methocarbamol 400 Mg & Acetylsalicylic Acid 500 Mg (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Methocarbamol) | DPD | |
| Fiorinal C1/2 Cap (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine + Codeine Phosphate) | DPD | |
| Fiorinal C1/4 Cap (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine + Codeine Phosphate) | DPD | |
| Fiorinal Cap (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine) | DPD | |
| Fiorinal Tab (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine) | DPD | |
| Herbopyrine Tab 325mg (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine Citrate) | DPD | |
| Instantine - Tablets (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine) | DPD | |
| Madelon (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine) | DPD | |
| Methoxisal (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Methocarbamol) | DPD | |
| Methoxisal Extra Strength (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Methocarbamol) | DPD | |
| Methoxisal-C 1/2 (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Codeine Phosphate + Methocarbamol) | DPD | |
| Methoxisal-C 1/4 (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Codeine Phosphate + Methocarbamol) | DPD | |
| Methoxisal-C 1/8 (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Codeine Phosphate + Methocarbamol) | DPD | |
| Midol Regular (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine) | DPD | |
| Muscle & Back Pain Asa 325 Mg Methocarbamol 400 Mg & Acetylsalicylic Acid 325 Mg (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Methocarbamol) | DPD | |
| Muscle & Back Pain Relief Extra Strength (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Methocarbamol) | DPD | |
| Muscle and Back Pain Relief (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Methocarbamol) | DPD | |
| Muscle and Back Pain Relief Extra Strength (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Methocarbamol) | DPD | |
| Novo Ac and C 8mg Tab (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine + Codeine Phosphate) | DPD | |
| Pain Aid (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Caffeine) | DPD | |
| Percodan (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Oxycodone Hydrochloride) | DPD | |
| Pravasa (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Pravastatin Sodium) | DPD | |
| Ratio-Oxycodan (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Oxycodone Hydrochloride) | DPD | |
| Ratio-Tecnal (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine) | DPD | |
| Ratio-Tecnal C 1/2 (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine + Codeine Phosphate) | DPD | |
| Ratio-Tecnal C1/4 (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine + Codeine Phosphate) | DPD | |
| Robaxisal C-1/2 Tablets (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Codeine Phosphate + Methocarbamol) | DPD | |
| Robaxisal C-1/4 Tablets (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Codeine Phosphate + Methocarbamol) | DPD | |
| Robaxisal C-1/8 Tablets (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Codeine Phosphate + Methocarbamol) | DPD | |
| Robaxisal Caplets (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Methocarbamol) | DPD | |
| Robaxisal Extra Strength Caplets (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Methocarbamol) | DPD | |
| Spasmhalt-Asa-8 (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Codeine Phosphate + Methocarbamol) | DPD | |
| Tri-Buffered Asa Tab (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Calcium Carbonate + Magnesium (Magnesium Oxide) + Magnesium Carbonate) | DPD | |
| Trianal Capsules (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine) | DPD | |
| Trianal C¼ (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine + Codeine Phosphate) | DPD | |
| Trianal Tablet (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine) | DPD | |
| Trianal-C 1/2 Capsule (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine + Codeine Phosphate) | DPD | |
| CAS | ||
| 50-78-2 | HMDB | |
| InChI Identifier | ||
InChI=1/C9H8O4/c1-6(10)13-8-5-3-2-4-7(8)9(11)12/h2-5H,1H3,(H,11,1 2) |
World Wide Molecular Matrix | |
| IUPAC | ||
| 2-acetyloxybenzoic acid | HMDB | |
| Chemical Formula | ||
| C9H8O4 | HMDB | |
| Chemical Structure | ||
 |
HMDB | |
| Average Molecular Weight (g/mol) | ||
| 180.157420 | BioSpider | |
| Monoisotopic Molecular Weight (g/mol) | ||
| 180.042260 | BioSpider | |
| SMILES (Isomeric) | ||
O=C(Oc1ccccc1C(=O)O)C |
ChemSpider | |
| SMILES (Canonical) | ||
CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O |
HMDB | |
| Kegg Drug | ||
| D00109 | DrugBank | |
| Kegg Compound | ||
| C01405 | HMDB | |
| Pubchem Compound ID | ||
| 2244 | HMDB | |
| Pubchem Substance ID | ||
| 11335730 | Pubchem | |
| 11360969 | Pubchem | |
| 11364139 | Pubchem | |
| 11364685 | Pubchem | |
| 11366701 | Pubchem | |
| 11367247 | Pubchem | |
| 11369263 | Pubchem | |
| 11369809 | Pubchem | |
| 11372248 | Pubchem | |
| 11372850 | Pubchem | |
| 11373537 | Pubchem | |
| 11375409 | Pubchem | |
| 11377425 | Pubchem | |
| 11377972 | Pubchem | |
| 11406615 | Pubchem | |
| 11461941 | Pubchem | |
| 11485574 | Pubchem | |
| 11489715 | Pubchem | |
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| 11495059 | Pubchem | |
| 15195166 | Pubchem | |
| 17389202 | Pubchem | |
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| 17404602 | Pubchem | |
| 24278218 | Pubchem | |
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| 24891140 | Pubchem | |
| 26611613 | Pubchem | |
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| 26752858 | Pubchem | |
| 29221418 | Pubchem | |
| 35227687 | Pubchem | |
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| 35233492 | Pubchem | |
| 35234038 | Pubchem | |
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| 35237521 | Pubchem | |
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| 37905420 | Pubchem | |
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| 37910781 | Pubchem | |
| 37911920 | Pubchem | |
| 37911925 | Pubchem | |
| 37913753 | Pubchem | |
| 37916594 | Pubchem | |
| 4594 | Kegg | |
| 46392828 | Pubchem | |
| 46505803 | Pubchem | |
| 47193676 | Pubchem | |
| 47959711 | Pubchem | |
| 48110429 | Pubchem | |
| 48184967 | Pubchem | |
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| 48413237 | Pubchem | |
| 48415582 | Pubchem | |
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| 57321220 | Pubchem | |
| 57410906 | Pubchem | |
| 81067407 | Pubchem | |
| 82184166 | Pubchem | |
| 85083307 | Pubchem | |
| 85098767 | Pubchem | |
| 85230910 | Pubchem | |
| OMIM ID | ||
| Not Available | Not Applicable | |
| ChEBI | ||
| 15365 | HMDB | |
| BioCyc | ||
| CPD-524 | BioCyc | |
| PharmGKB | ||
| PA448497 | DrugBank | |
| HET ID | ||
| AIN | DrugBank | |
| DPD ID | ||
| 00010332 | DPD | |
| 00010340 | DPD | |
| 00036145 | DPD | |
| 00040851 | DPD | |
| 00095494 | DPD | |
| 00108162 | DPD | |
| 00176192 | DPD | |
| 00176206 | DPD | |
| 00180041 | DPD | |
| 00216666 | DPD | |
| 00226327 | DPD | |
| 00229296 | DPD | |
| 00230324 | DPD | |
| 00275328 | DPD | |
| 00419508 | DPD | |
| 00426865 | DPD | |
| 00472468 | DPD | |
| 00472476 | DPD | |
| 00510696 | DPD | |
| 00530336 | DPD | |
| 00582867 | DPD | |
| 00589470 | DPD | |
| 00608157 | DPD | |
| 00608181 | DPD | |
| 00608203 | DPD | |
| 00608211 | DPD | |
| 00608238 | DPD | |
| 00718831 | DPD | |
| 00738220 | DPD | |
| 00766496 | DPD | |
| 00774626 | DPD | |
| 00775231 | DPD | |
| 00785547 | DPD | |
| 00794244 | DPD | |
| 00800511 | DPD | |
| 00806773 | DPD | |
| 00852015 | DPD | |
| 00868868 | DPD | |
| 00887498 | DPD | |
| 01905392 | DPD | |
| 01912917 | DPD | |
| 01912925 | DPD | |
| 01916483 | DPD | |
| 01916572 | DPD | |
| 01922246 | DPD | |
| 01933469 | DPD | |
| 01933477 | DPD | |
| 01933493 | DPD | |
| 01933507 | DPD | |
| 01934775 | DPD | |
| 01934783 | DPD | |
| 01934791 | DPD | |
| 01941895 | DPD | |
| 01945564 | DPD | |
| 01966367 | DPD | |
| 01966375 | DPD | |
| 01971387 | DPD | |
| 01971409 | DPD | |
| 01971417 | DPD | |
| 01990667 | DPD | |
| 01990691 | DPD | |
| 02009013 | DPD | |
| 02010526 | DPD | |
| 02026783 | DPD | |
| 02046253 | DPD | |
| 02046261 | DPD | |
| 02050161 | DPD | |
| 02150328 | DPD | |
| 02150336 | DPD | |
| 02150352 | DPD | |
| 02150417 | DPD | |
| 02150425 | DPD | |
| 02150468 | DPD | |
| 02152746 | DPD | |
| 02202352 | DPD | |
| 02202360 | DPD | |
| 02212897 | DPD | |
| 02217732 | DPD | |
| 02229967 | DPD | |
| 02229980 | DPD | |
| 02230949 | DPD | |
| 02233545 | DPD | |
| 02234510 | DPD | |
| 02235141 | DPD | |
| 02235579 | DPD | |
| 02237094 | DPD | |
| 02237579 | DPD | |
| 02237580 | DPD | |
| 02237726 | DPD | |
| 02237900 | DPD | |
| 02238545 | DPD | |
| 02238645 | DPD | |
| 02238646 | DPD | |
| 02238670 | DPD | |
| 02239741 | DPD | |
| 02242119 | DPD | |
| 02242281 | DPD | |
| 02242406 | DPD | |
| 02242978 | DPD | |
| 02243051 | DPD | |
| 02243101 | DPD | |
| 02243800 | DPD | |
| 02243801 | DPD | |
| 02243802 | DPD | |
| 02243896 | DPD | |
| 02243897 | DPD | |
| 02243974 | DPD | |
| 02244333 | DPD | |
| 02244993 | DPD | |
| 02245367 | DPD | |
| 02245443 | DPD | |
| 02245485 | DPD | |
| 02245729 | DPD | |
| 02245887 | DPD | |
| 02246103 | DPD | |
| 02247318 | DPD | |
| 02247355 | DPD | |
| 02247550 | DPD | |
| 02250675 | DPD | |
| 02252201 | DPD | |
| 02252228 | DPD | |
| 02252406 | DPD | |
| 02252856 | DPD | |
| 02252864 | DPD | |
| 02255421 | DPD | |
| 02255464 | DPD | |
| 02264706 | DPD | |
| 02264722 | DPD | |
| 02269139 | DPD | |
| 02272377 | DPD | |
| 02272415 | DPD | |
| 02272423 | DPD | |
| 02272431 | DPD | |
| 02280167 | DPD | |
| 02283662 | DPD | |
| 02283670 | DPD | |
| 02283689 | DPD | |
| 02283700 | DPD | |
| 02283905 | DPD | |
| 02284529 | DPD | |
| 02284537 | DPD | |
| 02285371 | DPD | |
| Rxlist Link | ||
| http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/asa.htm | DrugBank | |
| Wikipedia | ||
| Aspirin | HMDB | |
| Pdr Health Link | ||
| Not Available | Not Applicable | |
| Melting Point | ||
| 135 oC | HMDB | |
| State | ||
| Solid | HMDB | |
| MSDS Link | ||
| 1264027413.html | HMDB | |
| 1264027415.html | HMDB | |
| 1264027417.html | HMDB | |
| 1264027419.html | HMDB | |
| FDA Label | ||
| 1264027421.pdf | FDA | |
| Experimental Water Solubility | ||
| 4.6 mg/mL at 25 oC [YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)] | PhysProp | |
| Predicted Water Solubility | ||
| 1.46 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] | Alogps | |
| Experimental LogP | ||
| 1.19 [HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)] | PhysProp | |
| Predicted LogP | ||
| 1.43 [Predicted by ALOGPS] | HMDB | |
| pKa | ||
| 3.49 | DrugBank | |
| SDF File | ||
| 1264027191.sdf | Pubchem | |
| Mol File | ||
| 1264027394.mol | Molconvert | |
| Pdb File | ||
| 1264027396.pdb | Molconvert | |
| Mass Spec File | ||
| 1264027423.gif | HMDB | |
| Associated Disorder | ||
| Not Available | Not Applicable | |
| Pathway | ||
| map07110 - Benzoic acid family | Kegg Drug | |
| map07219 - Cyclooxygenase inhibitors | Kegg Drug | |
| Category | ||
| Not Available | Not Applicable | |
| ATC Code | ||
| B01AC06 | DPD | |
| N02BA01 | DPD | |
| AHFS Code | ||
| 28:08.04.24 | DPD | |
| 92:02.00* | DPD | |
| Schedule | ||
| HOMEOPATHIC (Canada) | DPD | |
| OTC (Canada) | DPD | |
| Indication | ||
| Aspirin alleviates pain in 60-75% patients with episodic tension headache. It is equivalent to paracetamol (acetaminophen) in that respect, except for the higher frequency of gastrointestinal side effects. Comparative clinical trials indicated that metamizole and ibuprofen may relieve pain faster than aspirin, although the difference becomes insignificant after about 2 hours. The combination of aspirin, paracetamol (acetaminophen) and caffeine (Excedrin) is still more effective, but at the cost of more stomach discomfort, nervousness and dizziness. Pain | Wikipedia | |
| Aspirin has been used to treat pain and arthritis in veterinary medicine, primarily in dogs, although it is often not recommended for this purpose, as there are newer medications available with fewer side effects in these animals. Dogs, for example, are particularly susceptible to the gastrointestinal side effects associated with salicylates. Horses have also been given aspirin for pain relief, although it is not commonly used owing to its relatively short-lived analgesic effects. Horses are also fairly sensitive to the gastrointestinal side effects. Nevertheless, it has shown promise in its use as an anticoagulant, mostly in cases of laminitis. Aspirin should only be used in animals under the direct supervision of a veterinarian. Aspirin should never be given to cats because they lack the ability to form glucuronide conjugates, which makes it more likely that aspirin will be toxic. Toxicity may be reduced by administering dosages at longer intervals. Chemistry | Wikipedia | |
| For use in the temporary relief of various forms of pain, inflammation associated with various conditions (including rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, osteoarthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis), and is also used to reduce the risk of death and/or nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients with a previous infarction or unstable angina pectoris. | DrugBank | |
| Nevertheless, as a post-surgery painkiller, aspirin is inferior to ibuprofen. Aspirin has higher gastrointestinal toxicity than ibuprofen. The maximum dose of aspirin (1 g) provides weaker pain relief than an intermediate dose of ibuprofen (400 mg), and this relief does not last as long. A combination of aspirin and codeine may have a slightly higher analgesic effect than aspirin alone; however, this difference is not clinically meaningful. It appears that ibuprofen is at least equally, and possibly more, effective than this combination. | Wikipedia | |
| Pharmacology | ||
| Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is an analgesic, antipyretic, antirheumatic, and anti-inflammatory agent. Aspirin's mode of action as an antiinflammatory and antirheumatic agent may be due to inhibition of synthesis and release of prostaglandins. Aspirin appears to produce analgesia by virtue of both a peripheral and CNS effect. Peripherally, Aspirin acts by inhibiting the synthesis and release of prostaglandins. Acting centrally, it would appear to produce analgesia at a hypothalamic site in the brain, although the mode of action is not known. Aspirin also acts on the hypothalamus to produce antipyresis | DrugBank | |
| Mechanism Of Action | ||
| Anticoagulants Direct thrombin (II) inhibitors | Wikipedia | |
| Aspirin also has an antiplatelet effect by inhibiting the production of thromboxane, which under normal circumstances binds platelet molecules together to create a patch over damage of the walls within blood vessels. Because the platelet patch can become too large and also block blood flow, locally and downstream, aspirin is also used long-term, at low doses, to help prevent heart attacks, strokes, and blood clot formation in people at high risk for developing blood clots. It has also been established that low doses of aspirin may be given immediately after a heart attack to reduce the risk of another heart attack or of the death of cardiac tissue. | Wikipedia | |
| Aspirin overdose can be acute or chronic. In acute poisoning, a single large dose is taken; in chronic poisoning, higher than normal doses are taken over a period of time. Acute overdose has a mortality rate of 2%. Chronic overdose is more commonly lethal with a mortality rate of 25%; chronic overdose may be especially severe in children. Toxicity is managed with a number of potential treatments including: activated charcoal, intravenous dextrose and normal saline, sodium bicarbonate, and dialysis. Mechanism of action Main article: Mechanism of action of aspirin File:PTGS2 inhibited by Aspirin.png Structure of PTGS2 inactivated by Aspirin. In the active site of each of the two monomers, Serine 530 has been acetylated. Also visible is the salicylic acid which has transferred the acyl group, and the heme cofactor. Discovering the mechanism | Wikipedia | |
| Aspirin was the first discovered member of the class of drugs known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), not all of which are salicylates, although they all have similar effects and most have inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase as their mechanism of action. Today, aspirin is one of the most widely used medications in the world, with an estimated 40,000 tonnes of it being consumed each year. In countries where Aspirin is a registered trademark owned by Bayer, the generic term is acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). // History Main article: History of aspirin | Wikipedia | |
| Aspirin's ability to suppress the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes is due to its irreversible inactivation of the cyclooxygenase (PTGS) enzyme. Cyclooxygenase is required for prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis. Aspirin acts as an acetylating agent where an acetyl group is covalently attached to a serine residue in the active site of the PTGS enzyme. This makes aspirin different from other NSAIDs (such as diclofenac and ibuprofen), which are reversible inhibitors. | Wikipedia | |
| However, several of the new PTGS2 selective inhibitors, such as Vioxx, have been withdrawn recently, after evidence emerged that PTGS2 inhibitors increase the risk of heart attack. It is proposed that endothelial cells lining the microvasculature in the body express PTGS2, and, by selectively inhibiting PTGS2, prostaglandin production (specifically PGI2; prostacyclin) is downregulated with respect to thromboxane levels, as PTGS1 in platelets is unaffected. Thus, the protective anti-coagulative effect of PGI2 is removed, increasing the risk of thrombus and associated heart attacks and other circulatory problems. Since platelets have no DNA, they are unable to synthesize new PTGS once aspirin has irreversibly inhibited the enzyme, an important difference with reversible inhibitors. Additional mechanisms | Wikipedia | |
| Low-dose, long-term aspirin use irreversibly blocks the formation of thromboxane A2 in platelets, producing an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. This anticoagulant property makes aspirin useful for reducing the incidence of heart attacks. 40 mg of aspirin a day is able to inhibit a large proportion of maximum thromboxane A2 release provoked acutely, with the prostaglandin I2 synthesis being little affected; however, higher doses of aspirin are required to attain further inhibition. | Wikipedia | |
| The analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin are due to actions by both the acetyl and the salicylate portions of the intact molecule as well as by the active salicylate metabolite. Aspirin directly and irreversibly inhibits the activity of both types of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) to decrease the formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. This makes aspirin different from other NSAIDS (such as diclofenac and ibuprofen) which are reversible inhibitors. Salicylate may competitively inhibit prostaglandin formation. Aspirin's antirheumatic (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory) actions are a result of its analgesic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms | DrugBank | |
| There are at least two different types of cyclooxygenase: PTGS1 and PTGS2. Aspirin irreversibly inhibits PTGS1 and modifies the enzymatic activity of PTGS2. Normally PTGS2 produces prostanoids, most of which are pro-inflammatory. Aspirin-modified PTGS2 produces lipoxins, most of which are anti-inflammatory. Newer NSAID drugs called PTGS2 selective inhibitors have been developed that inhibit only PTGS2, with the intent to reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal side-effects. | Wikipedia | |
| bivalent: Hirudin (Bivalirudin, Lepirudin, Desirudin) univalent: Argatroban • Dabigatran • Melagatran‡ • Ximelagatran‡ Other Defibrotide • Ramatroban • Antithrombin III • Protein C (Drotrecogin alfa) Thrombolytic drugs/ fibrinolytics | Wikipedia | |
| Absorption | ||
| "Impairment of absorption of ascorbic acid following ingestion of aspirin in guinea pigs" | Wikipedia | |
| Absorption is generally rapid and complete following oral administration but may vary according to specific salicylate used, dosage form, and other factors such as tablet dissolution rate and gastric or intraluminal pH. | DrugBank | |
| Acetylsalicylic acid is poorly soluble in the acidic conditions of the stomach, which can delay absorption of high doses for 8 to 24 hours | Wikipedia | |
| Aspirin may also inhibit the absorption of vitamin C | Wikipedia | |
| In addition to the increased pH of the small intestine, aspirin is rapidly absorbed there owing to the increased surface area, which in turn allows more of the salicylate to dissolve | Wikipedia | |
| Owing to the issue of solubility, however, aspirin is absorbed much more slowly during overdose, and plasma concentrations can continue to rise for up to 24 hours after ingestion | Wikipedia | |
| Protein Binding | ||
| 99.6% | Wikipedia | |
| About 50–80% of salicylate in the blood is bound by protein while the rest remains in the active, ionized state; protein binding is concentration-dependent | Wikipedia | |
| High (99.5%) to albumin. Decreases as plasma salicylate concentration increases, with reduced plasma albumin concentration or renal dysfunction, and during pregnancy. | DrugBank | |
| Half Life | ||
| 300–650 mg dose: 3.1–3.2 h 1 g dose: 5 h 2 g dose: 9 h | Wikipedia | |
| The plasma half-life is approximately 15 minutes | DrugBank | |
| Biotransformation | ||
| As much as 80% of therapeutic doses of salicylic acid is metabolized in the liver | Wikipedia | |
| Aspirin is rapidly hydrolyzed primarily in the liver to salicylic acid, which is conjugated with glycine (forming salicyluric acid) and glucuronic acid and excreted largely in the urine. | DrugBank | |
| Renal excretion of salicylic acid becomes increasingly important as the metabolic pathways become saturated, because it is extremely sensitive to changes in urinary pH | Wikipedia | |
| These metabolic pathways have only a limited capacity | Wikipedia | |
| When higher doses of salicylate are ingested (more than 4 g), the half-life becomes much longer (15–30 hours) because the biotransformation pathways concerned with the formation of salicyluric acid and salicyl phenolic glucuronide become saturated | Wikipedia | |
| With large salicylate doses, the kinetics switch from first order to zero order, as metabolic pathways become saturated and renal excretion becomes increasingly important | Wikipedia | |
| Toxicity | ||
| "Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice is dependent on Tlr9 and the Nalp3 inflammasome" | Wikipedia | |
| "An evidenced based flowchart to guide the management of acute salicylate (aspirin) overdose" | Wikipedia | |
| "Death following self-poisoning with aspirin" | Wikipedia | |
| "Hepatotoxicity of high dose salicylate therapy in acute rheumatic fever" | Wikipedia | |
| "Protective effects of aspirin against acute myocardial infarction and death in men with unstable angina | Wikipedia | |
| Acute overdose has a mortality rate of 2% | Wikipedia | |
| After fever and pain have subsided, the aspirin treatment is unnecessary as it does not decrease the incidence of heart complications and residual rheumatic heart disease. In addition, the high doses of aspirin used cause liver toxicity in about 20% of the treated children, who are the majority of rheumatic fever patients, and increase the risk of them developing Reye's syndrome. Naproxen was shown to be as effective as aspirin and less toxic; however, due to the limited clinical experience, naproxen is recommended only as a second-line treatment. Along with rheumatic fever, Kawasaki disease remains one of the few indications for aspirin use in children, although even this use has been questioned by some authors. In the United Kingdom, the only indications for aspirin use in children and adolescents under 16 are Kawasaki disease and prevention of blood clot formation. Aspirin is also used in the treatment of pericarditis, coronary artery disease, and acute myocardial infarction. Experimental Aspirin has been theorized to reduce cataract formation in diabetic patients, but one study showed it was ineffective for this purpose. The role of aspirin in reducing the incidence of many forms of cancer has also been widely studied | Wikipedia | |
| Aspirin has higher gastrointestinal toxicity than ibuprofen | Wikipedia | |
| Aspirin was found to have a protective effect on hepatocytes because it led to the "downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines". In another 2009 article published by the Journal of the American Medican Association, it was found that men and women who regularly took aspirin after colorectal cancer diagnosis had lower risk of overall and colorectal cancer death compared to patients not using aspirin. Contraindications and resistance Aspirin should not be taken by people who are allergic to ibuprofen or naproxen, or who have salicylate intolerance or a more generalized drug intolerance to NSAIDs, and caution should be exercised in those with asthma or NSAID-precipitated bronchospasm | Wikipedia | |
| Because the platelet patch can become too large and also block blood flow, locally and downstream, aspirin is also used long-term, at low doses, to help prevent heart attacks, strokes, and blood clot formation in people at high risk for developing blood clots. It has also been established that low doses of aspirin may be given immediately after a heart attack to reduce the risk of another heart attack or of the death of cardiac tissue. The main undesirable side effects of aspirin are gastrointestinal ulcers, stomach bleeding, and tinnitus, especially in higher doses | Wikipedia | |
| Chronic overdose is more commonly lethal with a mortality rate of 25%; chronic overdose may be especially severe in children. Toxicity is managed with a number of potential treatments including: activated charcoal, intravenous dextrose and normal saline, sodium bicarbonate, and dialysis. Mechanism of action Main article: Mechanism of action of aspirin File:PTGS2 inhibited by Aspirin.png Structure of PTGS2 inactivated by Aspirin | Wikipedia | |
| Low dose aspirin use was also associated with a trend toward lower risk of cardiovascular events, and lower aspirin doses (75 to 81 mg/day) may optimize efficacy and safety for patients requiring aspirin for long-term prevention. In children with Kawasaki disease, aspirin is taken at dosages based on body weight, initially four times a day for up to two weeks and then at a lower dose once daily for a further six to eight weeks. Overdose Main article: Aspirin poisoning Aspirin overdose can be acute or chronic | Wikipedia | |
| Oral, mouse: LD50 = 250 mg/kg | DrugBank | |
| Owing to the issue of solubility, however, aspirin is absorbed much more slowly during overdose, and plasma concentrations can continue to rise for up to 24 hours after ingestion. About 50–80% of salicylate in the blood is bound by protein while the rest remains in the active, ionized state; protein binding is concentration-dependent | Wikipedia | |
| Regular low dose (75 mg) aspirin users had a 25% lower risk of death from cardiovascular disease and a 14% lower risk of death from any cause | Wikipedia | |
| Saturation of binding sites leads to more free salicylate and increased toxicity | Wikipedia | |
| The reaction is caused by salicylate intolerance and is not a true allergy but rather an inability to metabolize even small amounts of aspirin, resulting in an overdose. Other effects Aspirin can cause prolonged bleeding after operations for up to 10 days | Wikipedia | |
| This caused hepatoxicity and hepatocyte death which triggered an increase in the production of TLR9 | Wikipedia | |
| Toxicity may be reduced by administering dosages at longer intervals. Chemistry Aspirin is an acetyl derivative of salicylic acid that is a white, crystalline, weakly acidic substance, with a melting point of 135 °C (275 °F) | Wikipedia | |
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| Drops (Oral) | DPD | |
| Gum (Oral) | DPD | |
| Liquid (Oral) | DPD | |
| Suppository (Rectal) | DPD | |
| Tablet (Oral) | DPD | |
| Tablet [Chewable] (Oral) | DPD | |
| Tablet [Delayed-Release] (Oral) | DPD | |
| Tablet [Enteric-Coated] (Oral) | DPD | |
| Patient Information | ||
| 1264027450.html | RxList | |
| Interactions | ||
| Not Available | Not Applicable | |
| Contraindications | ||
| Not Available | Not Applicable | |
| Targets | ||
P23219[ UniProt | Analyze ] |
DrugBank | |
P35354[ UniProt | Analyze ] |
DrugBank | |
P59071[ UniProt | Analyze ] |
DrugBank | |
P60045[ UniProt | Analyze ] |
DrugBank |
